The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently altered in this poorly characterised carcinoma<sub>.</sub> IGF2 was identified here as a key factor in ASCC oncogenesis, as IGF2 was shown to play a crucial role in the PI3K pathway with frequent (~60%) and mutually exclusive genomic alterations in IGF2, IGF1R, PTEN and PIK3CA genes.
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)2/IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling axis has an important role in intestinal carcinogenesis and overexpression of IGF2 is an accepted risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) development.
Interestingly, biallelic IGF2 expression has been linked to rhabdomyosarcoma tumorigenesis and pUPD11 occurred in all 8 ERMS samples from CS individuals.
LOI of IGF2 is a frequent and early event in CRC that occurs both in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene-mutated and serrated route of carcinogenesis.
More recent studies demonstrated that the interaction of IGF-2 with IGF receptor type 1 (IGF-1R) plays also a pivotal role in adrenocortical tumorigenesis.
Whereas dysregulation of IGF2 may constitute an early change in prostate carcinogenesis, inactivation of this imprinted gene network is rather associated with cancer progression.
Abnormalities of WT1, CTNNB1, WTX, and IGF2 were reported to be involved in Wilms tumorigenesis in Caucasians, although none of the studies simultaneously evaluated the four genes.
In summary, we found frequent combined aberrant methylation of the IGF2-H19 locus and LINE1 in the vast majority of OC, suggesting that these changes are important events in tumorigenesis.
Expression levels of members of the insulin receptor family (INSR, IGF1R, IGF2R, GHR) and their ligands IGF1and IGF2 were quantified in macro- and microdissected tissue samples of normal canine mammary gland, adenomas, carcinomas and their lymph node metastases to evaluate their potential impact on the carcinogenesis of canine mammary tumours.
Constitutive loss of imprinting (LOI) of IGF2 has been associated with increased risks of colon cancer and adenoma, indicating its role in carcinogenesis.
As the somatic imprinting pattern may be lost during tumorigenesis due to epigenetic alterations, in the present study, we analyzed the DNA methylation and histone modifications in the differentially methylated region (DMR) of IGF2/H19 in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate carcinoma (PCa).
The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in exfoliated cervical cells in cervical carcinogenesis.
IGFII is the only known paternally expressed oncogene mapping within the duplicated region and our findings directly implicate IGFII in Wilms' tumorigenesis and add to the mutation spectrum that increases the effective dose of IGFII.