In this review, I plan to place a special emphasis on HA/CD44-induced signaling pathways and the presence of several novel miRNAs (e.g., miR-10b/miR-302/miR-21) and lncRNAs (e.g., UCA1) together with their target functions (e.g., tumor cell migration, invasion, and chemoresistance) during cancer development and progression.
Mir-371, mir-150, mir-21 and mir-7d were found to be potential prognostic markers, while mir-134, mir-146a, mir-338 and mir-371 were associated with metastases.
Mechanistically, miR-21-5p and miR-155-5p were transferred to colorectal cancer cells by MDE and bound to the BRG1 coding sequence, downregulating expression of BRG1, which has been identified as a key factor promoting the colorectal cancer metastasis, yet is downregulated in metastatic colorectal cancer cells.
Moreover, the expression levels of miR-182, miR-183, miR-141, and miR-21 were demonstrated to be associated with a gradual increase in fold change expression with depth of tumor invasion (all P < .05), lymph node invasion (all P < .001), and maximal increase with distant metastasis (all P < .001).
We aimed to evaluate the differential expression of miR-23b and miR-190 which are involved in tumor dormancy, miR-21 involved in metastasis and miR-200b and miR-200c involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis, in the plasma of patients with early and metastatic breast cancer (MBC).
Previous reports showed an over-expression of miRNA-21 (miR-21) in various cancer cells, and its up-regulation is closely related to cancer initiation, proliferation and metastasis.
MicroRNA‑21 (miR‑21) has been revealed to play a crucial role in regulating the biological behavior, including proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis in certain cancers.
High expression of miR-21 and low expression of miR-145 are closely related to the development and progression of CRC, especially with the grade of differentiation, invasion, metastasis and clinical stage.
The combined expression of miR-21-3p/miR-183-5p showed the best power to predict metastasis (AUC=0.804, <i>P</i>=4.67·10<sup>-18</sup>), and was found associated <i>in vitro</i> with pro-metastatic features, such as neuroendocrine-mesenchymal transition phenotype, and increased cell migration rate.
Acidic Microenvironment Up-Regulates Exosomal miR-21 and miR-10b in Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Promote Cancer Cell Proliferation and Metastasis.
In conclusion, skeletal muscle mass may be a prognostic and predictive biomarker for distant metastasis in CRC patients and quantification of serum miR-21 expression could help clinicians make decisions regarding nutrition intervention strategies in CRC patients.
With the tumor, node, and metastasis stage developed (Stage I vs. III and IV, P < 0.05), the serum miR-21 expression level increased, but there was no statistical difference between Stage I patients and hepatolithiasis patients or healthy control (P > 0.05 for both).
Meanwhile, mouse model of tumor peritoneal dissemination model was performed to investigate the role of exosomal miR-21-5p in peritoneal metastasis in vivo.
In the TCGA dataset, combined biomarkers associated with metastasis and overall survival (miR-21+142-5p+194: <i>P</i> < 0.0001; OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.58-0.23).<b>Conclusions:</b> The interconnected discovery-validation approach identified a three-miRNA signature as a potential predictor of disease outcome in RCC patients.<b>Impact:</b> With 10% survival at 5 years, metastatic disease presents poor prognosis for RCC patients.
The carcinogenic advantage generated by miR-21 in NSCLC resides in the target genes involved in multiple pathways such as cell growth and proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, but also chemo- and radioresistance.