This study aimed to assess serum irisin level in myocardial infarction (MI) with or without heart failure (HF) and the possible relation between irisin and cardiac markers, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lipid profile.
The MI group produced a significant increase in myocardial infarct size, serum cardiac biomarkers (LDH and CK-MB), proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), and MDA levels, and a significant decrease in SOD level compared with the sham group.
Dietary supplementation with flaxseed, ALA or SDG before and after the induction of the MI significantly reduced the incidence of arrhythmias and resulted in significantly smaller infarct size, less left ventricle dilation, and decreased myocardial fibrosis and tumor necrosis factor-α levels compared to the control MI group.
Further experiment indicated that SAL treatment reduced inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and decreased tunnel-positive cells and pro-apoptotic Bax after MI.
CCNP was more efficient than CC in limiting the increase in inflammatory cytokine levels (such as TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-6, IL-1<i>α</i>, IL-1<i>β</i>, MCP-1, and RANTES) after MI.
We further evaluated the inflammation, fibrosis of left atria (LA), and related signal pathways by RT-PCR, Western blot, and staining analysis.Compared to the MI group, fisetin treatment improved cardiac function, inhibited macrophage recruitment into the LA and production of IL-1β and TNF-α, and attenuated adverse atrial fibrosis following acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Inflammation is a key factor in atherosclerosis, including endothelial function, plaque stabilization and post infarct remodeling; thus, inhibition of TNF-α may affect the inflammatory burden and plaque vulnerability leading to less cardiovascular events and myocardial infarctions.
The immunohistochemical staining results showed that IL-6 knockout could lower the MI-induced high expression of TNF-α (p<0.05), and Masson's trichrome staining indicated that IL-6 knockout could also repress the degree of cardiac fibrosis.
Compared with control group, the levels of heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, TNF-α, and IL-6 were increased in each group of rats with MI (all p < 0.05), while the levels of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure, and IL-10 were significantly decreased (all p < 0.05).
Using iRhom2-deficient mice, which lack myeloid-specific shedding of TNF-α, we reveal increased macrophages (MΦs) that were skewed towards a more proinflammatory (M1) state at day 4, followed by more reparative, antiinflammatory (M2) state at day 7 after myocardial infarction (MI).
Atorvastatin can improve cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats, which may be associated with its inhibition of p38 phosphorylation and its decrease of TNF-α expression.
Moreover, S+MI group, but not S alone, showed a significant increase in the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and fibrotic proteins fibronectin (FN) and <i>α</i>-smooth muscle actin (SMA), in comparison to controls, in addition to a significant increase in mRNA levels of IL-6 and TNF-<i>α</i> inflammatory markers.