Here, we demonstrated the protective effects of loganin against PD mimetic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP<sup>+</sup> ) and the important roles of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the neuroprotective mechanisms of loganin.
Brain insulin-like growth factor and neurotrophin resistance in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: potential role of manganese neurotoxicity.