Two and three doses of MSCs reduced lung inflammation, levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and eotaxin; total leukocyte, CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell, and eosinophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; and total leukocyte counts in bone marrow, spleen, and mediastinal lymph nodes.
In contrast to oral application, intranasal pretreatment with EcN-Chim prior to poly-sensitization led to a significant reduction of lung inflammation (eosinophils, IL-5, and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage) along with suppressed levels of allergen-specific serum IgE.
IL-13 levels were associated with protection against pneumonia and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, whereas the IFN-γ/IL-13 ratio and IL-10 levels were associated with an increased risk of pneumonia and ICU admission.
<b>Objectives:</b> To test the hypothesis that during acute lung inflammation tissue production of proresolution type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) dampens the proinflammatory effects of hypoxia through suppression of HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α)-mediated neutrophil adaptation, resulting in resolution of lung injury.
While IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α have been previously noted, the finding of elevated levels of the innate cytokines GM-CSF and IL-1β could suggest that these, as well as IL-13, are early and specific markers for pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as Valley fever, is a common pneumonia in the southwestern United States.
Alveolar epithelial cells are critical to the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, which are associated with overexpression of type 2 cytokine IL-13.
Expansion of CD4(+) CD25(+) and CD25(-) T-Bet, GATA-3, Foxp3 and RORγt cells in allergic inflammation, local lung distribution and chemokine gene expression.
We now show for the first time that, compared with controls, mice exposed prenatally to secondhand CS exhibit increased lung inflammation (predominant infiltration by eosinophils and polymorphs), atopy, and airway resistance, and produce proinflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13, but not IL-2 or IFN-gamma).
Exogenous IL-13 reconstituted airway recruitment of leukocytes in OVA-challenged CD3O(-/-) mice.Adoptive transfer to naive w.t. mice of in vitro OVA-re-stimulated spleen cells from CD30(-/-) mice failed to induce eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation in contrast to transfer of primed cells from w.t. mice.