Subgroup analysis showed that the levels of IL-6 in case group were observed to be higher than those in the control group; and the IL-6 levels in the proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group were also higher than those in the non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group.
Inflammasome components NLRP3 and caspase-1, inflammasome-related pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), acute-phase cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, as well as adaptive immunity-related cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were measured from the vitreous samples of 15 non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (non-PDR) and 23 proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
Similarly, the levels of inflammatory mediators IL-1β (P < 0.0001), IL-6 (P = 0.0005), IL-8 (P < 0.0001), and TNF-α (P < 0.0001) were also higher in eyes with DR. Interestingly, inflammatory cytokine and NT levels, particularly TNF-α (P < 0.05), IL-8 (P < 0.004), NT-3 (P = 0.012), NGF (P = 0.04), GDNF (P = 0.005), and CNTF (P = 0.002), were higher in eyes with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) than in eyes with active proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).
To determine concentrations of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related factors activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and glucose-regulated 78 kDa protein (GRP78) in vitreous and aqueous humor (AqH) of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and the correlation of ATF4, GRP78 and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).
Association of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and interleukin 10 promoter polymorphism with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic subjects.