In the future, a comprehensive study of TLR3, CXCR4 and IFNγ axis in primary breast tumors and corresponding healthy tissues will be crucial to further understanding of the cancer network.
These results establish that DIM-induced IFNgamma expression in human breast tumor cells is mediated by activation of both JNK and p38 pathways, which is ultimately dependent on intracellular calcium signaling.
The up-regulation of human caspase-8 by interferon-gamma in breast tumor cells requires the induction and action of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-1.
These findings indicate that TNF-alpha treatment in combination with IFN-gamma may provide a successful approach to overcome the cellular heterogeneity of advanced breast tumours.