The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of these two novel small molecules is significantly higher than that of widely used selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors.Traditional inflammation and pain relief drugs target both cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2), causing severe side effects.
Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases or cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), which play a critical role in the inflammation, are the pharmacological targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, used to treat pain and inflammation.
At the same location of pain assessment and fibroblast sampling, in situ immunohistochemical (IHC)(+) fibroblasts for IL-6 and Cox-2 were quantified microscopically.
Finally, we identified genetic variants in COX-2 (haplotype composed of rs2383515 G, rs5277 G, rs5275 T, and rs2206593 A) associated with post-treatment pain after endodontic treatment (P = .025).
To elucidate the mode of action of chlormadinone acetate (CMA) in reducing dysmenorrheic pain by studying the effects of CMA and dexamethasone (DEX) on messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), annexin-1 (ANXA1), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), progesterone receptor (PR), and concentrations of prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF(2α)) and leukotrienes B(4) (LTB(4)) and C(4) (LTC(4)) in human endometrial explants.
Conventional medical treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis includes the use of NSAIDs (traditional and selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase [COX]-2), because they provide unmistakable and significant health benefits in the treatment of pain and inflammation.
The two COX isoforms COX-1 and COX-2 are the targets of the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indicating a role for these enzymes in pain, fever, inflammation, and tumorigenesis.
These results suggest that bupivacaine stimulates COX-2 gene expression after tissue injury, which is associated with higher PGE2 production and pain after the local anesthetic effect dissipates.
This review covers factors influencing COX enzyme activity, the role of their products in the development and maintenance of pain and discusses recent safety concerns of COX-2 inhibitors.