But the outcome of BRCA1/2 associated hereditary breast cancers still remains controversial; further studies are needed to elucidate the nature of BRCA1/2 associated hereditary breast cancers.
A subset of DNA repair proteins such as Breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1), BRCA2 and RecA homolog (RAD51) are client proteins of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90).
Among women with breast cancer and a family history of the disease, the percentage with BRCA1 coding-region mutations is less than the 45 percent predicted by genetic-linkage analysis.
The hazard ratios (HRs) for breast cancer was 1.02 (95% CI 0.89-1.17, p = 0.74) and 1.10 (95% CI 0.72-1.67, p = 0.66) for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, respectively.
The functional biomarker RAD51 enables the identification of PARPi-sensitive BC and broadens the population who may benefit from this therapy beyond BRCA1/2-related cancers.
A recent study from Smalley's group demonstrates that targeting an inactivating Brca1 mutation to the luminal progenitors could yield basal-like breast cancers.
RRSO was associated with a statistically significant reduction in risk of breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers (HR = 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.37 to 0.65).
Women with pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations are more likely to develop breast cancer than are women without the mutation and they typically develop cancer at an earlier age.
Breast cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic mutation carriers is modified by risk factors that cluster in families, including genetic modifiers of risk.
The breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 encodes a protein implicated in the cellular response to DNA damage, with postulated roles in homologous recombination as well as transcriptional regulation.
The overall RR estimates of 29/29 poly-Q repeats on risk of BC in BRCA1/2, BRCA1, and BRCA2, were always greater than 1.00; however, this effect was not statistically significant.
Compared to non-drinkers, exclusive consumption of wine was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of breast cancer among BRCA1 carriers (p-trend = 0.01).
The reduction in BC risk after negative predictive testing is greatest when a BRCA1 mutation is identified in the family, but for women whose relatives carry a CHEK2 or ATM mutation, the risks decrease slightly.
Two mutated forms of BRCA1, a missense (A1708E) and a nonsense (Y1853X) that have been identified in familial breast cancers, associated with Nmi and c-Myc but failed to suppress c-Myc-induced hTERT promoter activity.
For both BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, none of the smoking-related variables was associated with BC risk, except smoking for more than five years before a first full-term pregnancy (FFTP) when compared to parous women who never smoked.
In MCF-7 breast cancer cells transfected with a vector carrying the MT1 gene (MCF-7Mel1a) binding of CREB-protein to the cAMP-responsive element of the breast cancer suppressing gene BRCA-1 was more strongly reduced by treatment with melatonin than in the parental cells.
Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 were analyzed by Sanger sequencing and multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis in 431 women from the Malaysian Breast Cancer Genetic Study, including 110 women with TNBC.
BRCA1-associated Kazakh sporadic breast cancers present with high tumor grade, early stage, negative lymph node status, absence of estrogen receptor expression and progesterone-positive status.
Among patients with low mammographic density (<25%), non-<i>BRCA1/2</i> PTV carriers were more often interval than screen-detected breast cancer (OR, 1.89; 1.12-3.21) than noncarriers.
VDR, RXR and PPARγ were detected in over 90% of triple negative BRCA1 <sup>mut</sup> breast cancer and were significantly (VDR: p < 0.001, RXR: p = 0.010, PPARγ: p < 0.001) overexpressed in BRCA1 mutated as compared to sporadic cancer cases.
One novel breast cancer susceptibility locus on 4q21 (rs11099601) was identified (OR = 1.05, P = 5.6x10-6). rs11099601 lies in a 135 kb linkage disequilibrium block containing several genes, including, HELQ, encoding the protein HEL308 a DNA dependant ATPase and DNA Helicase involved in DNA repair, MRPS18C encoding the Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein S18C and FAM175A (ABRAXAS), encoding a BRCA1 BRCT domain-interacting protein involved in DNA damage response and double-strand break (DSB) repair.
ZBRK1, a zinc finger protein that interacts with breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and KRAB-ZFP-associated protein 1 (KAP1), has been suggested to serve as a tumor suppressor via repression of tumor metastasis/invasion.