In perspective, a calculator or score including the noninvasive parameters FSH level, testicular volume, and FSHB haplotype should be considered to estimate the chances for sperm retrieval in men with azoospermia.
Significantly higher serum TSH and FSH levels and significantly lower serum free testosterone levels were observed in males with azoospermia than in males with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia and the controls (p < .05 for both).
Chromosomal abnormalities were categorized according to their (theoretical) impact on clinical consequences for the patient (i.e. an increased risk for absence of spermatogenesis) and adverse pregnancy outcomes (i.e. miscarriage or offspring with congenital malformations), in both normogonadotropic (FSH < 10 U/l) and hypergonadotropic (FSH ≥ 10 U/l) azoospermia.
We found one homozygous Arg8 and Thr15 mutation in a patient with azoospermia with normal hormone levels (FSH, LH, PRL, T), a normal karyotype, and no Yq microdeletions.