Lastly there is increasing evidence through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and biochemical markers that systemic, physiologic changes associated with COPD have direct effects on the brain's vasculature that have also been associated with depression in the elderly, termed "late onset" depression.
Patients with severe COPD are known to have comorbidities such as emaciation, cor pulmonale and right heart failure, muscle weakness, hyperlipemia, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, arterial sclerosis, hypertension, and depression.
To determine if the presence of anxiety and depression is associated with a greater risk of frequent exacerbation (≥2 per year) in patients diagnosed with COPD.
For construct validity, PASE-C had correlations with SES6 (<i>r</i>=0.396), HADS for depression (<i>r</i>=-0.234), seven subscales of SF-36 (<i>r</i>=0.182-0.525), grip strength (<i>r</i>=0.341), and disease characteristics including the duration of COPD (<i>r</i>=-0.215), modified British Medical Research Council scale (<i>r</i>=-0.354), forced expiratory volume in one second as percentage of predicted (<i>r</i>=0.307), and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease grade (<i>r</i>=-0.264), with a good construct validity (all <i>P</i><0.05).
The most common medical problems reported were obesity with body mass index of greater than 30 Kg/m2 (39.1%), hypertension (33.9%), diabetes mellitus (20.8%), depression (4.3%), asthma (17.3%), COPD (6.6%), and hyperlipidemia (2.7%).
In smokers with COPD, varenicline and bupropion do not appear to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, depression or self-harm in comparison with NRT.
Recent evidence supports the effectiveness of psychotherapies that target late-life depression in the context of specific comorbid conditions including COPD, heart failure, Parkinson's disease, stroke and other acute conditions, cognitive impairment, and suicide risk.
A possible link between COPD and depression may be irisin, a myokine, expression of which in the skeletal muscle and brain positively correlates with physical activity.
Patients performed the SPPB, quadriceps muscle strength (QMS), exercise tolerance test (6-min walk test [6MWT]), and pulmonary function; and health-related and psychological factors, physical activity, the COPD assessment test (CAT), body mass index, age, and depression were assessed.
Given their high prevalence, considerable impact on mortality, impact on quality of life and health care use, and associations with each other, screening for and addressing patient and carer anxiety and depression in advanced COPD is recommended.
It has been observed that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), who have psychiatric and physical comorbidities such as depression and COPD, have an increased risk of experiencing more pain.
However, cognitive status and, in particular, the level of depression explain a larger percentage of the variance in the CAT scores than the usual COPD clinical severity variables.
Through physician-led interviews, data were collected on sociodemographics and disease history, including the impact of COPD on health status using the COPD Assessment Test (CAT); quality of life, using the EuroQol Five-Dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D); and anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
In patients with early COPD, depression was associated with a low quality of life, and female sex, living alone and low income were significant risk factors for depression.
We prospectively enrolled adults with stable COPD who completed the University of Alabama at Birmingham Life Space Assessment (LSA) (range: 0-120, restricted Life-Space mobility: ≤60 and a marker of social isolation in older adults); six-minute walk test (6MWT), and the University of California at San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire, COPD Assessment Test, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
Symptoms of anxiety and depression and use of anxiolytic-hypnotics and antidepressants in current and former smokers with and without COPD - A cross sectional analysis of the COPDGene cohort.
Adequate intake of fruits and vegetables was significantly less likely to be associated with angina, COPD, and asthma; however, it was more than three times more likely to be associated (OR: 3.45; 95% CI: 1.99-5.97) with self-reported depression.
Patients/family-centred outcomes will be dyspnoea (modified Medical Research Council Questionnaire), fatigue (Checklist of individual strength and Functional assessment of chronic illness therapy - fatigue), cough and sputum (Leicester cough questionnaire and Cough and sputum assessment questionnaire), impact of the disease (COPD Assessment Test), emotional state (The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), number of exacerbations, healthcare utilisation, health-related quality of life and family adaptability/cohesion (Family Adaptation and Cohesion Scale).