Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) for the diabetes cohort, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) for the hypertension cohort, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) for the hyperlipidemia cohort.
Associations of steroid sex hormones, SHBG, and SHBG SNPs with glycemia and diabetes risk factors, and with incident diabetes over median 3.0 years (maximum, 5.0 y).
Logistic analysis confirmed that diabetes duration (odds ratio (OR) 1.108, P<0.01), SBP (OR 1.022, P<0.05), HbA1c (OR 1.267, P<0.05), and the VDR rs2228570 T allele (OR 1.467, P<0.01) were independently associated with DR risk.
Generalized linear models were used to assess whether variation at -344C/T associated with plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), plasma glucose (in persons with no diabetes), HOMA IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment as an Index of Insulin Resistance), and left ventricular (LV) mass indexed to height.
The plasma level of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), a glycoprotein produced by hepatocytes, is subject to genetic, hormonal, metabolic, and nutritional regulation, and is a marker for the development of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes.
Although associations between low SHBG levels and risk of diabetes could be explained by the observation that elevations in insulin suppress hepatic SHBG production, recent studies documenting that the transmission of SHBG-altering polymorphisms are associated with risk of T2DM suggest that SHBG may have a more direct physiologic role in glucose homeostasis.
Risk alleles of the TCF7L2 gene showed increased risk of diabetes even when controlled for traditional diabetes risk factors (diabetes in family, waist circumference, physical activity, BMI, SBP and total and HDL-cholesterol) in both a cross-sectional and prospective setting (cross-sectional: rs12255372 OR 1.61 (1.31-1.99), rs7903146 OR 1.48 (1.20-1.83) and prospective: rs12255372 OR 1.59 (1.22-2.07), rs7903146 OR 1.47 (1.11-1.93)).
The mosaics had higher BMD and SHBG and lower total cholesterol and FSH than TS with 45,X and did not differ compared with controls in terms of body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio, BMD, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, SHBG, diabetes or osteoporosis.
Serum SHBG levels are low in patients with hyperandrogenism, especially in association with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and in individuals at risk for diabetes and heart disease.