Although SHBG SNPs associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus do not appear to be associated with PCOS status, rs1799941 and rs727428 genotypes are associated with SHBG levels independent of the effects of insulin resistance and obesity.
Associations of SHBG with some anthropometric and metabolic variables in FDR suggests that lower levels is a marker for risk of developing T2D through obesity dependent metabolic pathways but low FAI is a better marker of state of diabetes in males.
Associations of serum sex hormone binding globulin with bone mineral densities and higher 10-year probability of fractures in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CI = confidence interval; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DXA = dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; EMAS = European Male Aging Study; FDA = U.S. Food and Drug Administration; FHS = Framingham Heart Study; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LH = luteinizing hormone; OR = odds ratio; PSA = prostate-specific antigen; SHBG = sex hormone-binding globulin; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; vBMD = volumetric bone mineral density.
Consumption of high coffee and caffeine is associated with a reduced risk of low SHBG, an established risk marker for T2DM, which might contribute to the protective effects of coffee for type 2 diabetes.
Further analysis with adjustment for age, BMI, SBP, DBP, CHO and TG demonstrated that this SNP was strongly associated with T2D (P = 0.013, OR = 2.287).
Further, many of the environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals may exert their potential adverse effects on cardiometabolic outcomes via either estrogenic or androgenic signaling pathways, highlighting the importance of using the sex steroids and SHBG as important biochemical markers in both clinical and population studies in studying sex-specific mechanisms in the pathogenesis of T2D and its complications, as well as the need to equitably allocate resources in studying both men and women.
However, SHBG was no longer associated with incident T2D after additional adjustment for TT (OR 0.92 [0.71, 1.17], p = 0.48; TT in incident T2D: OR 0.73 [0.57, 0.92], p = 0.01) and after separate adjustment for DHT (OR 0.83 [0.64, 1.08], p = 0.16; DHT in incident T2D: OR 0.83 [0.65, 1.05], p = 0.13).
However, the AA genotype of SNP rs1800624 (-374T/A) was consistently associated with lower SBP [-5.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval -10.4 to 0.3)] and DBP [-4.2 (-7.2 to -1.3)], pulse pressure [-0.8 (-5.0 to 3.4)] as well as with less arterial stiffness [-0.56 SD (-1.04 to -0.09)] in individuals with normal glucose metabolism, but with higher SBP [6.2 (0.9-11.5)], DBP [2.1 (-0.7 to 5.0)] and pulse pressure [4.1 (-0.2 to 8.4)] in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism or type 2 diabetes mellitus (P for interaction <or=0.05 in all analyses).
In light of studies investigating polymorphisms in SHBG and T2DM, our group and others have hypothesized that SHBG may represent a candidate gene for PCOS.
In terms of the prospective studies, our results showed decreases in TT (WMD: -2.35, 95%CI: -3.24 to -1.46), FT (WMD: -25.96, 95%CI: -83.98 to 32.05), and SHBG (WMD: -10.06, 95%CI: -13.29 to -6.84) in patients with T2DM.
In the EMPA-REG BP trial, empagliflozin significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) compared with placebo at week 12 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension.
Interest in SHBG has escalated in recent years because of its inverse association with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes type II.
Low circulating levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) have been shown to be a direct and strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hormone-dependent cancers, although the relationship between various aspects of dietary carbohydrates and SHBG levels remains unexplored in population studies.
Low plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in overweight individuals are a biomarker for the metabolic syndrome and are predictive of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk.
Measurements of SHBG are widely used to predict plasma free testosterone levels in patients suffering from excess androgen exposures, but have broader utility in assessing the risk for endocrine diseases and clinical sequelae of the metabolic syndrome, namely, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.