Low circulating levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) have been shown to be a direct and strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and hormone-dependent cancers, although the relationship between various aspects of dietary carbohydrates and SHBG levels remains unexplored in population studies.
These latter two variants are associated with T2D (risk haplotype GG; odds ratio 2.67; 95% CI 2.32-3.08; P = 2.43 × 10<sup>-4</sup>) in genome-wide association data (N = 402), but are more strongly associated with quantitative traits (DBP, SBP, ACR, eGFR) for hypertension and renal function in non-diabetic than diabetic subgroups.
The HR value was higher on the LTM versus the ATM independent of group and treadmill stage (P=0.002) and SBP was higher in the T2D group versus no T2D independent of treadmill mode and stage (P=0.01).
We tested the hypothesis that the appropriate home morning SBP cutoff value is 125 mmHg in our stratification of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes.
The available evidence supports treatment in people with type 2 diabetes and SBP more than 140 mmHg, using any of the major antihypertensive drug classes.
Significant additive interactions with obesity or central obesity were detected for total testosterone (RERI=2.75, 95% CI=0.92,4.59), SHBG (RERI=5.71, 95% CI=0.77,10.64), and FEI (RERI=-9.96, 95% CI=-19.18,-0.74) with regard to IR, beta-cell dysfunction, and T2D.
Consumption of high coffee and caffeine is associated with a reduced risk of low SHBG, an established risk marker for T2DM, which might contribute to the protective effects of coffee for type 2 diabetes.
In the EMPA-REG BP trial, empagliflozin significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) compared with placebo at week 12 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension.
Associations of SHBG with some anthropometric and metabolic variables in FDR suggests that lower levels is a marker for risk of developing T2D through obesity dependent metabolic pathways but low FAI is a better marker of state of diabetes in males.
Low plasma sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in overweight individuals are a biomarker for the metabolic syndrome and are predictive of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk.
Mendelian randomization suggested only minor, if any, causal effects of SHBG on lipid and metabolite measures and insulin resistance(n = 10,895).Causal effect estimates on type 2 diabetes for 41,439 cases and 103,870 controls indicated a causative protective role of SHBG (OR = 0.83 per 1-SD, 95% CI: 0.76, 0.91); however, effects were considerably weaker than observed in meta-analysis of prospective studies [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.47 per 1-SD, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.53].
Single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs1799941 in the Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) gene, related to both serum testosterone and SHBG levels and the risk of myocardial infarction, type 2 diabetes, cancer and mortality in men: the Tromsø Study.
The correlation between SHBG and insulin resistance that is evident in a number of cross-sectional studies is in keeping with the suggestion that the association between SHBG and incidence of type 2 DM is explained by insulin resistance.
Measurements of SHBG are widely used to predict plasma free testosterone levels in patients suffering from excess androgen exposures, but have broader utility in assessing the risk for endocrine diseases and clinical sequelae of the metabolic syndrome, namely, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the SHBG gene influence circulating SHBG levels in American patients with PCOS and may predict the development of type 2 diabetes.
Although SHBG SNPs associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus do not appear to be associated with PCOS status, rs1799941 and rs727428 genotypes are associated with SHBG levels independent of the effects of insulin resistance and obesity.
This mechanism provides a biological explanation for why SHBG is a sensitive biomarker of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, and why low plasma SHBG levels are a risk factor for developing hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes, especially in women.
In light of studies investigating polymorphisms in SHBG and T2DM, our group and others have hypothesized that SHBG may represent a candidate gene for PCOS.