H(2) significantly increased skeletal muscle membrane Glut4 expression and markedly improved glycemic control in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice after chronic intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral (p.o.) administration.However, long-term p.o. administration of H(2) had least effect on the obese and non-insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes mouse models.
Haplotype analysis revealed that two common haplotypes H1 (111, P = 0.001, OR 1.23[1.08-1.40]) and H2 (222, P = 0.002 OR 0.73[0.59-0.89]) in STRA6, H6 (2121, P = 0.006, OR 1.69[1.51-2.48]) in RBP4 and H4 (2121, P = 0.01 OR 1.41[1.07-1.85]) in GLUT4 were associated with type 2 diabetes.
However, in vastus lateralis, relative amounts of GLUT4 per milligram membrane protein were similar (NS) among lean (1.0 +/- 0.2) and obese (1.5 +/- 0.3) subjects and patients with IGT (1.4 +/- 0.2) and NIDDM (1.2 +/- 0.2).
However, it is currently unknown how insulin signaling targeting WNK1 regulates GLUT4 trafficking in skeletal muscle, and whether this regulation is perturbed in T2D.
Importantly, the dysfunction of insulin-regulated GLUT4 trafficking is strongly linked with peripheral insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in human.
In conclusion, a single bout of exercise increased skeletal muscle GLUT4 mRNA expression in patients with T2D to a similar extent as in control subjects.
In conclusion, the uncoupling of insulin action on Akt/AS160 signaling and glucose transport implicates defective GLUT4 trafficking as an early event in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
In patients with type 2 diabetes, the expression levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT‑4) in skeletal muscles are significantly decreased, indicating decreased glucose‑processing ability.
In summary, the improvement in glycemic control and glucose disposal in NIDDM subjects receiving gliclazide therapy cannot be explained by increased expression of GLUT4 in muscle.
In the late 1980s, when GLUT4, the major insulin-regulated glucose transporter, was identified, my lab observed that it was downregulated in adipocytes but not in skeletal muscle in insulin-resistant states, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, in humans and rodents.
Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by the glucose transporter GLUT4 plays a central role in whole-body glucose homeostasis, dysregulation of which leads to type 2 diabetes.
Levels of GLUT-4 mRNA and protein were measured in muscle biopsies taken before and after a euglycaemic insulin clamp from 14 NIDDM patients, 13 of their first-degree relatives and 17 control subjects.
Molecular mechanism studies demonstrated impairment of signaling cascade, IRS1/PI3K/Akt/AMPK/p 38/GLUT4, in glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle of T2D rats.
Our findings manifest that EK100 may have therapeutic potential in treating type 2 diabetes associated with hyperlipidemia in HFD-fed mice by regulation of GLUT4, PEPCK, G6 Pase, SREBP1c, SREBP2, apo A-I, and AMPK phosphorylation.