Using in vitro studies, we have identified drugs of abuse that are substrates of the polymorphic enzymes CYP2D6 (codeine, amphetamines, dextromethorphan), CYP2A6 (nicotine) and CYP2C19 (flunitrazepam).
Using in vitro studies, we have identified drugs of abuse that are substrates of the polymorphic enzymes CYP2D6 (codeine, amphetamines, dextromethorphan), CYP2A6 (nicotine) and CYP2C19 (flunitrazepam).
The frequency of the TaqI A(1) allele of the D(2) dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene was 19.0% in these patients compared with 4.6% in controls free of past and current alcohol and other drug abuse and free of family history of alcohol and other drug abuse (p = 0.009).
Studies in the past decade have shown that in various subject groups the Taq I A1 allele of the DRD2 gene is associated with alcoholism, drug abuse, smoking, obesity, compulsive gambling, and several personality traits.
Animal data have long suggested that an adaptive upregulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine D1 receptor function might underlie part of the dependency on drugs of abuse.
A common functional polymorphism that results in a three- to four-fold difference in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme activity has been related to psychiatric disorders such as ultra-ultra rapid cycling bipolar disorder, drug abuse and alcoholism (Lachman et al., 1996a; Karayiorgou et al., 1997; Vandenbergh et al., 1997; Papolos et al., 1998; Tiihonen et al., 1999).
The product of the novel cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) gene is a useful example where a gene product has been associated with drug abuse.
Collectively, these results suggest that genetic mutations in FAAH may constitute important risk factors for problem drug use and support a potential link between functional abnormalities in the endogenous cannabinoid system and drug abuse and dependence.
Collectively, these results suggest that genetic mutations in FAAH may constitute important risk factors for problem drug use and support a potential link between functional abnormalities in the endogenous cannabinoid system and drug abuse and dependence.
The extra-hypothalamic actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) have been accorded an important role in coordinating responses to stressors and contributing to the consequences of drug abuse.
The dopamine D(3) receptor gene (DRD3) is a candidate for a number of psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and alcohol and drug abuse.
The NOTCH4 variants were also analysed in schizophrenic patients with regard to subdiagnosis, age at first hospitalization, abuse/dependence of alcohol, solvents, or drugs, previous suicide attempts, extrapyramidal symptoms, treatment with anticholinergic drugs, and response to anti-psychotic drug treatment.
In CDH, analgesic abuse was significantly associated with specific functional polymorphisms at the DRD 4 and at the dopamine transporter (DAT) genes, findings implicating dopamine-related genes in CDH with drug abuse.
In CDH, analgesic abuse was significantly associated with specific functional polymorphisms at the DRD 4 and at the dopamine transporter (DAT) genes, findings implicating dopamine-related genes in CDH with drug abuse.
Patients with ADHD and with a history of nicotine abuse both displayed lower values of DAT density in [99mTc]TRODAT-1 SPECT than non-smokers with ADHD.
Our results suggest that recreational drug use may reduce CTL and IL-16 expression and increase the expression of TGF-beta1 and CXCR4, all of which may facilitate progression of HIV infections.
Our results suggest that recreational drug use may reduce CTL and IL-16 expression and increase the expression of TGF-beta1 and CXCR4, all of which may facilitate progression of HIV infections.
Our results suggest that recreational drug use may reduce CTL and IL-16 expression and increase the expression of TGF-beta1 and CXCR4, all of which may facilitate progression of HIV infections.