Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-β1, and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms: implication in protection or susceptibility to dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Thus TGF-beta1 in the sera and TGF-beta1-mRNA in the PBMC were present in most of the patients with dengue (96%) but the cytokine levels were highest during the later periods of illness and in patients with DHF grade IV, suggesting a possible role of TGF-beta1 in the pathogenesis of DHF.