Because sICAM1 and CCL2 are associated with an increased risk of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, we propose that an established Vpr-ELISA would be useful for monitoring the risk of HIV complications during latent HIV infection.
GCF IL-8, G-CSF, as well as serum IL-8, MCP-1 and GM-CSF may be useful biomarkers for the detection of disease presence and/or its severity due to HIV infection and ART use.
In addition, because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in vivo and in vitro has been shown to dysregulate the production of and/or the response to cytokines, PBMCs from both healthy uninfected and HIV-infected individuals were studied for their constitutive and IL-6-induced expression of MCP-1.
In this review, we focus on the distinctive and complementary contributions of CCR5 and CCR2/CCL2 in HIV infection, multiple sclerosis, liver fibrosis and associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
Our findings suggest that mucosa-biased gradients of IP-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 are associated with an increased risk of HIV infection.
Similarly, the CCR2b ligands MCP-1 and MCP-3 inhibit productive infection of PBMCs by both CCR5- and CXCR4-dependent strains of HIV-1, suggesting that expression of the MCP-1 chemokine may affect HIV infection via signaling through the CCR2 receptor and subsequent desensitization of the CCR5 and/or CXCR4 signaling pathway.
The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle was associated with an elevated CCL2 level and retention of resident memory CD4+ T cells, which has implications for increased susceptibility to HIV infection.
Twelve selected cytokines, including 9 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-8, interferon-γ inducible protein-10 [IP-10], monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-1α, MIP-1β), hematopoietic IL-7, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and regulatory IL-10 were measured prior to HIV infection in cervicovaginal lavages from 58 HIV seroconverters and 58 matched uninfected controls and in plasma from a subset of 107 of these women from the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa 004 tenofovir gel trial.