Leptin and adiponectin stimulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins from human placenta and maternal adipose tissue via nuclear factor-kappaB, peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and extracellularly regulated kinase 1/2.
Low-grade systemic inflammation, hypoadiponectinemia and a high concentration of leptin are present in very young obese children, and correlate with metabolic syndrome.
Significant correlation between leptin and TNFalpha (similarly demonstrated by other authors in models of bacterial inflammation) indicates that TNFalpha can be the crucial regulator of leptin generation in the early postoperative period.
Leptin and prolactin modulate the expression of SOCS-1 in association with interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in mammary cells: a role in differentiated secretory epithelium.