ATG5 mRNA levels in CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells from MS patients were positively correlated with those of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor.
Glatiramer acetate (GA, Copolymer 1, Copaxone) an immunomodulator with proven safety and efficacy in Multiple Sclerosis has been reported to cause elevated secretion of BDNF both in animal model and in MS patients.
The aim of this study is to measure plasma levels of OPG and RANKL as well as to analyze VDR FokI polymorphism (rs2228570) in MS patients and healthy individuals to detect any potential correlation.
However, the concentrations of ROS and LPO, and the activities of SOD and CAT were significantly decreased in the MS treated groups of MTBI rats compared to the negative control group.
MS lesions are characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate, whose nature is controlled by chemokines and cytokines, and elevated expression of CCL2 has been found in acute and chronic MS plaques within the brain.
Increases of CD1d immunoreactivity in the CNS of MS patients being greatest in areas of active demyelination and localized to GFAP-positive astrocytes lend support to the hypothesis of a lipid-targeted autoimmune process contributing to the pathogenesis of MS.
In addition, after categorization of study groups according to disease types, differences between alleles and genotypes of CD1E gene polymorphism remained significant for RR-MS patients compared to those of normal controls (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0003, respectively).