TNF-α treatment of primary human lung epithelia and A549 cells induced ZIP8 expression, resulting in significantly higher cell death attributable to both apoptosis and necrosis following Cd exposure.
These findings suggest that the relative abundance of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta associated with imbalances of secretion of soluble TNF-alpha receptor forms and IL-1RA may have caused tissue necrosis leading to cavity formation in patients with active pulmonary TB.