An association of some VDR genotypes with osteoporosis, primary hyperparathyroidism, and some autoimmune diseases, such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis, has been reported.
Any observational study, which tested the association between VDR BsmI genotypes and either BMD or osteoporosis at the femoral neck or spine in adult women, was included in the review.
Articles regarding associations between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms (ApaI rs7975232 and BsmI rs1544410) and osteoporosis were retrieved from databases in November 2014.
As polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may be associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and intestinal calcium absorption, we asked whether patients with a given VDR genotype receiving CST may be at increased or decreased risk for corticosteroid-related bone loss and osteoporosis.
Association analyses and multivariate two-step regression model of social and molecular parameters, demonstrated that in comparison to the VDR, ESR, CTR polymorphisms, physical activities and healthy diet, associated with outdoor work are the best favourable prognostic factors for osteoporosis.
Because a variety of functions to affect susceptibility to the formation of osteoporosisVDR-F, VDR-B, COL1A1, ESR1X, ESR1P and CTR are thought to be candidate genes.
Because of their specific ethnic distribution, VDR and ERalpha polymorphisms may be involved in reported human differences of osteoporosis treatment responses.
Because the f VDR genotype has been associated with lower bone mineral density in diverse populations, one factor contributing to a genetic predisposition to osteoporosis may be the F/f polymorphism that dictates VDR isoforms with differential TFIIB interaction.
Cdx-2 polymorphism in the VDR gene may affect the serum 25(OH)D concentrations and the risk of osteoporosis and fracture in middle-aged and elderly Chinese women.
Exercise programs to increase the strength of the trunk muscles would be beneficial for the prevention of osteoporosis regardless of the VDR genotypes.
For these four syndromes candidate genes that today appear as major loci in genetic susceptibility encode for proteins specific of a given system, as the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene for the skeleton and, therefore, OP or angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) for the cardiovascular system and, therefore, CAD.