Secondary outcomes were the incidence of motor block, NRSpain scores at rest in the postoperative period up to 48 hours after surgery, opioid use and related side effects, patients' satisfaction.
Thirty-two patients were enrolled.The lidocaine arm's mean painNRS at 60 minutes was 5.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.3 to 6.8) compared with 4.2 (95% CI = 3.0 to 5.4) in the morphine arm, and the absolute difference was 0.9 (95% CI = -1.2 to 2.9).
Cancer patients with severe pain (NRS 6-10) treated at home and in outpatient clinics who failed to respond to non-opioids and/or "weak" opioids were randomized to morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, or buprenorphine treatment for 28 days.
Patients exhibiting homozygosity for the minor alleles (n = 7; numerical rating scale [NRS], 2.3 ± 1.3) demonstrated lower pain intensity compared with those exhibiting homozygosity for the major alleles (n = 29; NRS, 3.8 ± 1.0; P = .004) and heterozygosity for the minor alleles (n = 21; NRS, 4.2 ± 0.8; P < .001).
All standardised questionnaires were evaluated to quantify average pain intensity as well as maximum pain intensity (NRS, 0 [no pain] to 10 [maximal pain], respectively).
The primary endpoint of the present study was the proportion of responder patients, with ≥30% reduction in pain intensity during loading on the NRS; several additional endpoints were also evaluated.
Eighty-one percent (n=11) reported a >50% pain drop after injection (NRSpain scores of median 8.0 [IQR 7.0-8.0] to median 3.0 [IQR 1.5-3.5], <i>P</i><0.001).
The painNRS scores were lower in the O group than in the F group at 0.5 (P = 0.035), 3 (P = 0.002), and 6 h (P = 0.001) after MWA, and fewer patients required additional analgesics in the O group (6 of 20 vs. 13 of 18, P = 0.022) within 24 h. The average 24-h dose of dezocine was 5.5 ± 4.1 mg in the F group and 2.1 ± 3.3 mg in the O group (P = 0.008).
C-reactive-protein-(CRP), leukocyte, haemoglobin-, creatinine-, glucose-, sodium-levels - and based on these the LRINEC score- as well as pain-scores (numeral-rating-scale, NRS) at postoperative days 1, 3 and 5 were documented.
Immediate and short-term analgesia (using a percentage pain reduction scale and a numerical rating scale, NRS) and long-term analgesia (using NRS) were assessed.
Moreover, the apremilast-treated patients showed a significantly lower abscess and nodule count (mean difference, -2.6; 95% confidence interval, -6.0 to -0.9; P = .011), NRS for pain (mean difference, -2.7; 95% -4.5 to -0.9; P = .009), and itch (mean difference, -2.8; 95% confidence interval, -5.0 to -0.6; P = .015) over 16 weeks compared with the placebo-treated patients.
For all patients at all hospitals, the NRS-pain level during mobilisation at 6 hours was 5 (3-6), (median [interquartile range]) and the 24-hour intravenous morphine (eqv) consumption was 25 mg (18-35).
To estimate the effects of patient factors on opioid consumption (oral morphine equivalents-OME) and on pain scores (NRS-11), we used generalized linear models and multivariable linear regression model, respectively.
Yet, a binary logistic regression analysis revealed that early changes in pain acceptance did not predict clinically relevant pre-post changes in pain intensity (at least 2 points on the NRS).
Outcome measures included "pain on walking" (WOMAC-A1 and -A), Patient Global Self-Assessment (PTGA), WOMAC-A1 responder rate (+≥2 points on NRS), and adverse events (AEs) over 26 weeks.
The intergroup difference in NRSpain scores was statistically significant, with the LIA group showing lower resting and dynamic pain scores in all instances and additionally higher patient satisfaction.
Patients treated with active therapy observed a significant mean NRSpain reduction over the 6-week study of 1.96 points for active (p < 0.0001), compared with a 0.85 points reduction for placebo (p = 0.13).