In bivariate analyses, non-shared environmental factors accounted for the majority of covariation between liability to depressive symptoms (CES-D scores > or = 8; above the 75th percentile) and liability to current and lifetime smoking status.
A substantial portion (34.5%) of participants reported depressive symptoms at a level associated with clinically significant levels of depression (>or=16 on the CES-D).
Symptoms of depression were scored using the Centre of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and compared between the MM, MT, and TT genotype groups.
Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D).
We analyzed data on candidate SNPs for the HPA-axis, genome-wide scans, cortisol secretion (n=1711) and depressive symptoms (the Centre for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale, CES-D) (n=2928) in elderly persons of the Rotterdam Study.
CES-D correlations were 0.38 (95% CI 0.28-0.46) for MZ twins and 0.24 (95% CI 0.14-0.36) for DZ twins.Greater eveningness (i.e. lower MEQ scores) was significantly related to more depression symptoms (phenotypic correlation = -0.15 (95% CI -0.21 to -0.09).
Stressful life events were assessed using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and depression symptoms were assessed with self-rating questionnaires using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale.
After the training participants had less prominent depressive symptoms <i>(CES-D, p</i> = <i>0.002)</i>, were more satisfied with their lives <i>(SWLS, p</i> = <i>0.036)</i>, and also evaluated themselves as more effective <i>(GSE, p</i> = <i>0.0002)</i>.
Self-reports of short (<6 h), intermediate (6-8 h) and long (≥9 h) sleep were assessed prior to the initial CES-D. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the cross-sectional associations between short and long sleep durations with depressive symptoms, using intermediate sleep as the reference.
Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) and was classified into absence or presence of depressive symptoms.
We proposed a model in which walking for a purpose during pregnancy mediated the effects of symptoms of depression (measured by the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression [CES-D] scale) on gestational age at birth in a sample of 1,382 African American women.
Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> was neither cross-sectionally (n=1205) nor prospectively (n=1012) associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted β for CES-D over time, lowest versus highest quartile: -0.04 (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.15-0.06)).
The V-PSS-10 score was positively correlated with general sleep disturbance (ρ = .12, p < .05), CES-D score for depression symptoms (ρ = .60, p < .01), and negatively correlated with mental (ρ = -.46, p < .01), and physical health scores (ρ = -.19, p < .01).