Soluble E-selectin, von Willebrand factor, soluble thrombomodulin, and total body nitrate/nitrite product as indices of endothelial damage/dysfunction in paroxysmal, persistent, and permanent atrial fibrillation.
Patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation had significantly elevated levels of P -selectin (p = 0.005) and fibrinogen (p = 0.003), but not von Willebrand factor (p =.0.61) compared to controls.