ID was defined as serum ferritin < 15 μg/L adjusted for inflammation status (C-reactive protein [CRP] > 5 mg/L and/or α-1-acid glycoprotein > 1 g/L) whereas hypoalbuminemia was defined as serum albumin < 35 g/L.
Significant risk factors evident in laboratory evaluations include high C-reactive protein (CRP) level (> 20 mg/dL), hyperglycemia, and hypoalbuminemia.
Compared with EMAST-negative patients, EMAST-positive patients were older (median age 77 vs. 69 years; p < 0.001), leaner (median weight 67.5 vs. 77 kg; p = 0.001), had significantly higher rates of hypoalbuminemia (24% vs. 6%; OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.5-3.6; p = 0.002) and anemia (45% vs. 20%; OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6-6.8; p = 0.001), and had elevated preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (51% vs. 34%; OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.9; p = 0.046).
The preoperative CNG was calculated as follows: patients with hypoalbuminemia (< 35 g/L), elevated C-reactive protein (> 10 mg/L), and elevated NLR (≥ 2) were allocated a score of 3; patients with two, one, or no abnormal values were allocated a score of 2, 1, or 0, respectively.
The sudden decrease of albumin levels, without sudden fluctuations of CRP or Hb, indicated that hypoalbuminaemia was a marker of trans-capillary leakage.
Univariate analysis revealed adverse prognostic factors: FHIT gene methylation (P = 0.028), poor performance status (I to IV, P = 0.002), anemia (< or =8.5 g/dL, P = 0.007), hypoalbuminemia (< or =3.5 g/dL, P < 0.002), high serum C-reactive protein levels (>0.5 mg/dL, P = 0.002), elevated beta-2-microglobulin serum levels (>6.5 mg/L, P < 0.001), and treatments not including autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (auto-PBSCT) (P = 0.007).
The GPS was calculated as follows: patients with elevated serum C-reactive protein levels and hypoalbuminemia were allocated a score of 2, and those with 1 or no abnormal value were allocated a score of 1 and 0, respectively.
Additional antibiotics tended to be administered to patients with a high level of C-reactive protein and neutrophil count, poor performance status, hypoxemia and hypoalbuminemia (C-statistics of area under receiver operating characteristic curve to the propensity score; 0.884, p < 0.001).
Cardiac symptoms, high systolic blood pressure, high serum levels of C-reactive protein, low serum albumin, low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were found to be independently associated with increased all-cause mortality.
The patients were classified into three groups based on GPS score, as follows: (I) GPS of 2, elevated CRP level (>1.0 mg/dL) and hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dL); (II) GPS of 1, elevated CRP level or hypoalbuminemia; and (III) GPS of 0, neither elevated CRP level nor hypoalbuminemia.
Among the 491 cancer patients with metastasis, univariate analysis revealed that emergency admission was significantly associated with an age of ≥76 years; an altered mental status; fever (≥38 °C); a blood oxygen saturation of <90%; a white blood cell (WBC) count of ≤2000 or ≥10,000/μL; hypoalbuminemia (≤2.5 g/dL); and elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (≥100 IU/L), blood urea nitrogen (≥25 mg/dL), and C-reactive protein (CRP, ≥10 mg/dL).