The mRNA and protein levels of SDF-1 and TGFβ-1 increased significantly in all FSS-treated groups; the levels of RANKL and RANKL:OPG increased in all intensities and in 60 and 120 min of FSS; and those of Wnt5 A increased in all time-points and in 20 and 30 dynes/cm<sup>2</sup> of FSS-treated groups (all compared with their levels the controls; P < 0.05).