Silibinin attenuates TGF‑β1‑induced migration and invasion via EMT suppression and is associated with COX‑2 downregulation in bladder transitional cell carcinoma.
Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 COX-2 induces expression of immune- and cell proliferation-related genes and is associated with the grade, prognosis and recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
These data demonstrate elevated expression of COX-2 in a high percentage of high-grade bladder carcinomas, suggesting a possible role of COX-2 in the progression of bladder urothelial carcinoma and supporting its potential as a therapeutic target in human bladder carcinoma.