However, mesothelin, fibroblast activation protein, epidermal growth factor receptor, carcinoembryonic antigen, disialoganglioside‑2 and human epidermal growth factor 2 are among the main targets of CART‑cell therapy in the case of other types of solid tumors.
HER3 is a member of the epidermal growth factor family and was predominantly described as a negative prognostic factor in various solid tumors as well as in ovarian cancer.
Tumor invasion through a basement membrane is one of the earliest steps in metastasis, and growth factors, such as Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), stimulate this process in a majority of solid tumors.
Tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domain-2 (Tie2) has been considered as a rational target for gene therapy in solid tumors.
These results demonstrate the potent anti-tumor activity of ABX-EGF and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of multiple human solid tumors that overexpress EGFr.
Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is the first monoclonal antibody to be approved for the treatment of a solid tumour and is directed against the c-erb-B2 receptor. c-erb-B2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor family and approximately 25% of breast cancers express such receptors, which appear to confer a poorer prognosis and may be an indicator of resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy.
The co-occurrence of Her-2/neu overexpression and EGF receptor overexpression in the same aneuploid cells defines an adeno/squamous genetic evolutionary sequence that is common to ductal breast cancers, non-small cell lung cancers, and other solid tumors.