Additionally cytokines, such as interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are co-localized to senile plaques, a neuropathological hallmark of AD.
In addition, IL-1 activates astrocytes, with the important consequence of overexpression of the neuritogenic cytokine S100beta and overgrowth of dystrophic neurites in neuritic plaques.