Several currently available animal models reproduce select behavioral facets of human mania as well as the abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission and dysregulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β that accompanies this disease.
In mood disorder patients, the level of mania (in both acute and stabilized periods) and depression in stabilized periods was positively associated with GSK3Brs12630592 T only in FXR1 rs496250 A-allele carriers (Bonferroni-corrected interaction p=0.024, 0.052 and 0.017 respectively).