The soluble amyloid protein procurer α (sAPPα) and β (sAPPβ) have been postulated as promising new cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple other neurodegenerative diseases, but have failed to meet expectations with their often discordant and even contradictory findings to date.
Herein, we describe a step-by-step tutorial for CSF proteome data analysis in the set of neurodegenerative diseases using (1) ClueGO+CluePedia tool to perform cluster-based analysis envisioning the characterization of the biological processes dysregulated in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases; (2) Cytoscape to map disease-specific proteins; (3) SecretomeP to inquire the secretion pathway of CSF proteins; and (4) STRING to identify biological processes modulated by secreted CSF proteins based on protein-protein interaction analysis.
To examine the differential diagnostic significance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers reflecting Alzheimer's disease-related amyloid β (Aβ) production and aggregation, cortical neuronal damage, tau pathology, damage to long myelinated axons and astrocyte activation, which hypothetically separates patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) from patients with other neurodegenerative disorders.
In conclusion, we demonstrate the usefulness of targeted mass spectrometry as a tool for the orthogonal verification of antibody profiling data, suggesting that these complementary methods can be successfully applied for comprehensive exploration of CSF protein levels in neurodegenerative disorders.
Osteopontin (OPN) is a proinflammatory cytokine-like, extracellular matrix protein that is elevated within the brain and CSF in several neurodegenerative disorders, including HIV-associated cognitive disorder.
CSF samples from 26 individuals with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) and 25 patients with suspected neurodegenerative disorders were tested using four different lots of kits.
The aim of the study was to investigate neuroinflammatory properties of non-polio enteroviruses by measuring CSF concentrations of biomarkers that are involved in neuropathological pathways of neurodegenerative disorders.
Measurement of CSF proteins mirroring brain pathology is currently utilized for diagnostic and prognostic clustering of patients with neurodegenerative diseases but the association with non-motor symptoms in PD has not been evaluated.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of neurodegeneration [neurofilament light chain (NFL), total Tau (T-Tau)], tau pathology [phosphorylated tau (p-Tau)], glial cell damage or activation [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)], and brain amyloidosis [β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ42)] are useful for diagnosis and prognosis in several neurodegenerative disorders.
Given the robust associations between some cytokines and neurodegenerative diseases found in this meta-analysis, CSF inflammatory cytokines may be used as biomarkers for these diseases in the future.
Unlike what typically happens in neurodegenerative disorders, no significant differences emerged when comparing between the two groups the fractional volumes of gray matter, white matter and CSF (i.e., normalized by ICV), consistent with a harmonious volumetric reduction of intracranial structures.
Elevated NfL levels in CSF and blood have been observed in a growing number of neurodegenerative disorders, including frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Longitudinal imaging studies evaluating human CSF dynamics will determine whether a causal link exists between reduced brain solute clearance and the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
The NH<sub>2</sub>tau 26-44 aa (i.e., NH<sub>2</sub>htau) is the minimal biologically active moiety of longer 20-22-kDa NH<sub>2</sub>-truncated form of human tau-a neurotoxic fragment mapping between 26 and 230 amino acids of full-length protein (htau40)-which is detectable in presynaptic terminals and peripheral CSF from patients suffering from AD and other non-AD neurodegenerative diseases.
Quantitative analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins reflecting pathological changes of CNS is currently used as biomarkers of multiple neurodegenerative disorders for both early differential diagnosis and prognostic clustering of patients.
In recent years, measurement of different CSF proteins, whose concentration directly reflects neuropathological changes of CNS, has significantly improved both diagnostic timing and accuracy of neurodegenerative disease.
Prospective studies are needed to further assess the clinical utility of these and other CSF biomarkers in assisting in the diagnosis of iNPH and differentiating it from AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
CSF flux is involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury, all hallmarked by the accumulation of cellular metabolic waste.