This study was performed to meta-statistically analyze the data and draw a more accurate conclusion regarding the association of IFN-γ +874 A > T gene polymorphism and EPTB susceptibility.
The higher rate of +874A (known to correlate with lower IFN-γ expression) in the extrapulmonary TB subgroup suggests a sufficient IFN-γ expression to be not only an important factor for the onset of TB disease but also for limiting its dissemination to lungs.
The average plasma concentration of IFN-gamma among patients with tuberculosis was significantly lower than in the control group, and were lower in the EPTB group than in the group with PTB, suggesting a relationship of low plasma levels of this cytokine with active tuberculosis and the progression to more serious forms of the disease.
Pleural tuberculosis is one of the most frequent forms of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis observed in patients infected with <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</i> Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a crucial cytokine needed to control tuberculosis infection that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Similar trends were observed from the plasma of patients where patients with PTB showed significantly higher level of TNF-α compared to EPTB and healthy control groups.
Similar trends were observed from the plasma of patients where patients with PTB showed significantly higher level of TNF-α compared to EPTB and healthy control groups.
By binary logistic regression, we observed that female gender (O.R.(95% C.I.): 1.95 (1.08-3.50), p < 0.05), Asian origin (5.70 (2.00-16.24), p < 0.001) and multimorbidity (6.42 (2.37-17.41), p < 0.001) were significantly associated to the development of EPTB compared to PTB.
When we stratified available data according to type of disease, we found that TNF-α-238 G/A and -308 G/A polymorphisms were significantly correlated with the risk of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), while the -857 C/T polymorphism was significantly correlated with the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).
<b>Results:</b> While all of the studied cytokine secretions varied after <i>in vitro</i> infection, higher levels of TNF-α and VEGF secretions were observed <i>in vitro</i> in the infected macrophages respectively in the PTB and EPTB infecting clinical isolates.
By binary logistic regression, we observed that female gender (O.R.(95% C.I.): 1.95 (1.08-3.50), p < 0.05), Asian origin (5.70 (2.00-16.24), p < 0.001) and multimorbidity (6.42 (2.37-17.41), p < 0.001) were significantly associated to the development of EPTB compared to PTB.
SNP rs1800972 was associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in a codominant model (genotype CG, P = 0.037, OR 4.82; 95% CI: 0.92-47.42; statistical power, 82%), but not PTB (P = 0.101) in a Mexican population.
SNP rs1800972 was associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in a codominant model (genotype CG, P = 0.037, OR 4.82; 95% CI: 0.92-47.42; statistical power, 82%), but not PTB (P = 0.101) in a Mexican population.
However, combined TNF-α/IL-10 low producer genotypes appeared to have protect effect to pTB (OR = 0.44, 95% CI, 0.21-0.89; Pc = 0.04) and epTB (OR = 0.26, 95% CI, 0.1-0.62; Pc = 0.0028).
Compared with the control sample, the expression of 16 genes, including those for tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and cathepsin W, was increased, and the expression of 45 genes including that for TNF-receptor superfamily member 7 (TNFRSF7), was decreased in the extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients.
This meta-analysis indicates that the C allele of P2X7 receptor gene 1513A/C polymorphism is a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis in Asians, while not in Africans or Latinos and a risk for extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.