Myeloid ecotropic insertion site 2 (MEIS2) gene, encoding a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, has been recently related to syndromic intellectual disability with cleft palate and cardiac defects.
The absence of cardiac defects in the cousins confirms the more proximal location of gene(s) causing these abnormalities in other reported cases with microscopically visible 8pter deletions and supports involvement of the GATA4 gene.
It would also be advisable that children with isolated CTD should be carefully examined to detect the other morphologic abnormalities of DGA and VCFS, or CATCH 22 (cardiac defects, abnormal facies, thymic hypoplasia/aplasia, cleft palate, hypocalcemia, and 22q11 deletion).
The CATCH 22 acronym outlines the main clinical features of 22q11.2 deletions (cardiac defects, abnormal facies, thymic hypoplasia, cleft palate and hypocalcemia), usually found in DiGeorge (DGS) and velo-cardio-facial (VCFS) syndromes.
The CATCH 22 acronym outlines the main clinical features of 22q11.2 deletions (cardiac defects, abnormal facies, thymic hypoplasia, cleft palate and hypocalcemia), usually found in DiGeorge (DGS) and velo-cardio-facial (VCFS) syndromes.
It would also be advisable that children with isolated CTD should be carefully examined to detect the other morphologic abnormalities of DGA and VCFS, or CATCH 22 (cardiac defects, abnormal facies, thymic hypoplasia/aplasia, cleft palate, hypocalcemia, and 22q11 deletion).
In humans, nonsynonymous mutations in HEY2 have been described in patients with atrial ventricular septal defects, and a subset of individuals with chromosomal deletions involving HEY2 have cardiac defects and cognitive impairment.
To further define the role of a T-box transcription factor, Tbx5, in cardiac development, we have examined its expression in the developing mouse and chick heart and correlated this pattern with cardiac defects caused by human TBX5 mutations in Holt-Oram syndrome.
The range of cardiac defects associated with TBX5 mutations in humans suggests multiple roles for the transcription factor in cardiac development and function.
Resulting embryos show a direct relationship between a Noonan SHP-2 mutation and its ability to cause cardiac defects in Xenopus; embryos expressing Noonan SHP-2 mutations exhibit morphologically abnormal hearts, whereas those expressing an SHP-2 JMML-associated mutation do not.
To date, two autosomal dominant forms have been recognized: LGMD1A, linked to chromosome 5q, and LGMD1B, associated with cardiac defects and linked to chromosome 1q11-21.
In our study, we evaluated the distribution of putative functional variants in a wider panel of 158 genes previously associated with arrhythmic and cardiac defects in a cohort of 91 SCN5A-negative BrS patients.
Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis performed on available records indicated that germline CBL mutations cause a variable phenotype characterized by a relatively high frequency of neurological features, predisposition to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and low prevalence of cardiac defects, reduced growth, and cryptorchidism.
This raises concern that intolerance for further DMPK loss may limit ASO therapy, especially since mice with Dmpk gene deletion reportedly show cardiac defects and skeletal myopathy.
We found that endothelial-specific expression of the constitutively active mutant OSR1, generated by Tie2-Cre-mediated excision of floxed stop codons in the mutated ROSA26 locus, rescued angiogenesis and cardiac defects in global Wnk1-null embryos.
To date, two autosomal dominant forms have been recognized: LGMD1A, linked to chromosome 5q, and LGMD1B, associated with cardiac defects and linked to chromosome 1q11-21.