New biomarkers of kidney injury, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and interleukin-18, represent useful tools in refining the discrimination between HRS and ATN.
Serum Cystatin C (CysC), serum and urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), serum and urine IL-18, serum N-acetyl-β-d glucosaminidase (NAG), urine kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and urine liver-type fatty acid binding protein (LFABP) were measured at recruitment (baseline), and their relationship with subsequent HRS investigated.