Taken together, the data provide evidence that in addition to the well-characterized 25 kDa form of TGF-beta 2glioblastoma cells also secrete a high molecular weight form (90-120 kDa) with the biological characteristics of TGF-beta 2.
As mRNA for G-TsF/TGF-beta 2 was also identified in fresh surgically removed human glioblastoma tissue, G-TsF/TGF-beta 2 may also be secreted within the tumor in vivo.
Remarkably, treatment with IFN-gamma increased the PDL-1 cell surface expression and the IDO activity, but reduced the TGF-beta2 secretion of GBM cell lines.
Survival analyses indicated that a group of patients with high expression levels of TGF-β2 mRNA or pSmad1/5/8 protein have inferior outcome.We thus provide potential biomarkers for patient stratification in clinical trials of anti-TGF-β therapies in glioblastoma.
The transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2)/small mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) signaling pathway is important, not only in GBM cell metabolism and invasion, but also in GBM cell proliferation.
U251, T98 and U87 GBM cell lines as well as GBM cells from a primary human specimen were used in vitro and in vivo to evaluate the effect of TGF-β2 on autophagy.
We aimed to investigate the effect of the TGF-β2/Smad3 and sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Glioblastoma (Gli) signaling pathway and their crosstalk in the hippocampus of rats with ISO post-conditioning after cerebral I/R injury.