The discovery of somatic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes through a genome-wide mutational analysis in glioblastoma represents a milestone event in cancer biology.
By direct genomic DNA sequencing, we analyzed exon 4 of the IDH1 and IDH2 genes that harbored the mutation hot spots codon 132 and 172 of the two genes in glioblastoma, respectively, in 12 thyroid cancer cell lines, 20 FTC, and 18 ATC tumor samples.
Subsequent studies have confirmed recurrent IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in up to 70% of low-grade glioma and secondary GBM, as well as in 10% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases.
The total NADPH production capacity in glioblastoma was provided for 65% by IDH activity and the occurrence of IDH1 (R132 ) mutation reduced this capacity by 38%.
IDH activity was the main provider of NADPH in human normal brain and glioblastoma, but its role was modest in NADPH production in rodent brain and other tissues.
Some findings, such as that of IDH mutation in low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastoma (GBM), fit well into established notions of different routes of gliomagenesis.
In spite of a recent surge in elucidating the tumorigenic activity of IDH mutations in glioblastoma, the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood.
The presented approach is applicable for prospective validation and appears promising towards an effective glioblastoma patient stratification in addition to IDH mutations.
Overexpression of IDH1(R132H) and IDH2(R172K) mutant protein in glioblastoma cells resulted in increased radiation sensitivity and altered ROS metabolism and suppression of growth and migration in vitro.
Recent whole-genome studies revealed novel GBM prognostic biomarkers such as mutations in metabolic enzyme IDH-isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH1 and IDH2).
IDH (mut)GBM tumors demonstrated significantly higher levels of overall CNAs compared to lower grade IDH (mut) tumors and all grades of IDH (wt) tumors, and IDH (mut) GBMs also demonstrated significant increase in incidence of chromothripsis.
ATRX and IDH1-R132H immunohistochemistry with subsequent copy number analysis and IDH sequencing as a basis for an "integrated" diagnostic approach for adult astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma.
While consensus has not been reached on the precise nature and means to sub-classify GBM, it is clear that IDH-mutant GBMs are clearly distinct from GBMs without IDH1/2 mutation with respect to molecular and clinical features, including prognosis.
The metabolomics data were tested for correlation with glioma grade (high vs low), glioblastoma (GBM) versus malignant gliomas, and IDH mutation status.
Finally, five tumors were IDH wild-type (IDHwt) and had chromosome seven gains, chromosome 10 losses, and homozygous 9p deletions (CDKN2A), alterations typical of IDHwt (primary) GBM.
Among the WHO grade II and III gliomas, IDH1 mutations were significantly associated with preoperative seizures, but no significant relationship between IDH mutations and preoperative seizures was found with glioblastoma multiforme.
Our data reveal that the methylation profiles in 23 of the 25 GC tumors corresponded to either IDH mutant astrocytoma (n = 6), IDH mutant and 1p/19q codeleted oligodendroglioma (n = 5), or IDH wild-type glioblastoma including various molecular subgroups, i.e., H3F3A-G34 mutant (n = 1), receptor tyrosine kinase 1 (RTK1, n = 4), receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (classic) (RTK2, n = 2) or mesenchymal (n = 5) glioblastoma groups.