Furthermore, in the linear regression models with bootstrap resampling with 1000 replications, high GDF-15 levels were independently associated with testosterone deficiency in male patients with CAD.
Serum levels of GDF-15 were significantly increased and serum testosterone and testosterone/estradiol ratio (T/E2 ratio) were significantly decreased in CAD patients compared with controls.
After adjusting for confounding factors, we found that circulating GDF-15 concentrations remained positively associated with the presence of CAD (odds ratio [OR] per 1-standard deviation [SD] increase, 3.182; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.586 to 6.382; P = .001), as did KLF4 concentrations (OR per 1-SD increase, 13.05; 95% CI 2.940 to 57.921, P = .001).
Predictive value of long-term changes of growth differentiation factor-15 over a 27-year-period for heart failure and death due to coronary heart disease.
In the full model (clinical variables, extent of CAD, all biomarkers), hazard ratios (95% CI) per standard deviation increase were for cTnT-hs 0.93(0.81-1.05), NT-proBNP 1.32(1.13-1.53), GDF-15 1.20(1.07-1.36) for the composite end point, driven by prediction of CVD by NT-proBNP and GDF-15.
Plasma levels of novel biomarkers were significantly elevated (sST2, GDF-15, H-FABP, suPAR) or inversely downregulated (fetuin A) in patients with AMI compared to a control group with excluded coronary artery disease.
In multivariable Cox regression analysis, the independent predictors of all-cause death were rs950880 AA homozygote (p = 0.018), age (p = 0.002), log sST2 level (p = 0.014), and log GDF-15 level (p = 0.017) in CAD patients.
We investigated whether GDF-15 -3148C>G variant (SNP, rs4808793) is associated with a predisposition to coronary artery disease (CAD) and its severity in a Chinese population.