Our results indicate that the combined effects of cumulative cigarette exposure and the <i>TNF-α -</i>308 A/A genotype and/or the <i>IL-8</i> -251 T/T genotype on UC OR showed a significant dose-response relationship.
Furthermore, our results suggested that urinary IL-8, IL-6 and CK-18 may benefit as noninvasive biomarkers for early detection as well as histopathological subtyping of urothelial carcinoma.
Moreover, significant dose-response joint effect of TNF-α -308 A/A or IL-8 -251 T/T genotypes and arsenic methylation indices were seen to affect UC risk.