After adjustment for multiple testing, we found elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, interferon-γ, eotaxin-1, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), platelet-derived growth factor with two B subunits (PDGF-BB), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and RANTES in multiple-episode schizophrenia (MES) patients.
Longitudinal studies are required to disentangle whether elevated levels of VEGF in MES patients reflect illness progression, comorbid physical health impairments or appear due to medication effects.