Other checkpoint inhibitors, including the CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab in combination with several agents, and the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab, are in various stages of clinical development in patients with aRCC.
<b>Purpose:</b> PD-1/PD-L1 pathway inhibition is effective against advanced renal cell carcinoma, although results are variable and may depend on host factors, including the tumor microenvironment.
The current study was undertaken to investigate mechanisms underlying the failure of PD-1-targeted therapies in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) whose tumors express PD-L1.