Nowadays, gene therapy approach is used by MSCs as a delivery vehicle in the preclinical and the clinical trials for the secretion of erythropoietin, recombinant antibodies, coagulation factors, cytokines, as well as angiogenic inhibitors in many blood disorders like anemia, hemophilia, and malignancies.
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents have been used to treat anemia in patients with cancer, but there are concerns that erythropoiesis-stimulating agents might stimulate Epo receptors on tumor cells (Epo receptor-cancer hypothesis).
Beta (β)-thalassemia major is a genetic disorder with anemia and an increased level of erythropoietin by Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway.
Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, C.E.R.A.) is used for the treatment of anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
The recent major setback of erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) and the reluctance to transfuse cancer patients with mild and even moderate anemia, had resulted in significant under-treatment of CIA.
The effectiveness of biosimilar epoetin alfa (Binocrit<sup>®</sup>, Sandoz) to correct anemia in lower-risk MDS patients has also been demonstrated in a retrospective, single-center, observational study.
Despite specific therapy now available for anemia in CKD, clinical data accumulated in the last 2 decades suggests that there is a continued need for RBCT, which, we surmise, is due to underutilization of Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents (ESA) or clinical settings such as active bleed, bone marrow resistance such as myelofibrosis or infections where ESAs are ineffective.
Long-term and low dose of nitrate had beneficial effects against anemia in obese type 2 diabetic rats; these effects were associated with increased EPO and HIF-1 levels in kidney and liver as well as increased circulating EPO, testosterone, and iron.
Erythropoietin levels were inappropriately low in relation to the degree of anaemia, but, in contrast to low haemoglobin, not directly associated with joint damage progression.
Mice with targeted deletion of <i>Ncoa4</i> specifically in the erythroid compartment developed a pronounced anemia in the immediate postnatal stage, a mild hypochromic microcytic anemia at adult stages, and were more sensitive to hemolysis with higher requirements for the Hif2a-erythropoietin axis and extramedullary erythropoiesis during recovery.
Considering that EPO is clinically used as chronic treatment against anemia, we used here the Tg6 mouse model that constitutively overexpresses human EPO in an oxygen-independent manner, to examine the consequences of long-term EPO therapy on mineral and bone metabolism.
To determine whether premature infants treated with erythropoietin (Epo) in the neonatal period for anemia had a lower incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), defined as oxygen need at 36 weeks postmenstrual age, and lower rehospitalization rates in the first year of life than infants not exposed.
Background In patients with chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease, correction of anemia with erythropoietin-stimulating agents targeting normal hemoglobin levels is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
We suspected that erythropoietin (EPO) deficiency may not be the mainstay of anemia in CKD, although relative EPO deficiency could contribute to the failure to increase hemoglobin (Hb) levels.
Small molecule prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, which stabilize the HIF-α subunits and increase HIF-dependent expression of erythropoietin, are in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.