There is also pre-clinical and clinical evidence that GM-CSF can be an effective immunostimulatory agent when being combined with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4) in patients with metastatic melanoma as well as in novel cancer immunotherapy approaches.
We report the outcome of an indirect comparison of GM-CSF, dacarbazine, and gp100 in metastatic melanoma through meta-analysis of absolute treatment effect.
Based on an increased durable response rate compared with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in a randomized phase III trial, it was approved by the FDA for the treatment of melanoma metastatic to skin or lymph nodes.
DC were prepared from the peripheral blood of HLA A*0201 patients with metastatic melanoma in the presence of IL-4 (1000 IU/mL) and GMCSF (1000 IU/mL).
These results demonstrate that vaccination with irradiated autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent antitumor immunity in humans with metastatic melanoma.
A phase I study of anti-GD3 ganglioside monoclonal antibody R24 and recombinant human macrophage-colony stimulating factor in patients with metastatic melanoma.
Only one highly metastatic melanoma, TXM-1, originally isolated from a lymph node metastasis, expressed mRNA transcripts specific for monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).