Six other SNPs, rs2815752 (NEGR1), rs10938397 (GNPDA2), rs10838738 (MTCH2), rs7498665 (SH2B1), rs17782313 (MC4R) and rs11084753 (KCTD15), were not associated with obesity (P>0.05).
Most of these obesity disorders exhibit a distinct phenotype with varying degrees of hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction and a recessive inheritance, whereas MC4-R mutation has a nonsyndromic phenotype with dominant inheritance.
Understanding the role natural products play, as well as the mechanisms behind their regulation of PPARγ activity is critical for future research into their therapeutic potential for fighting obesity.
Up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-alpha) and PPAR-gamma messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the liver in murine obesity: troglitazone induces expression of PPAR-gamma-responsive adipose tissue-specific genes in the liver of obese diabetic mice.
Recently, Pomc knockout mice were generated and shown to develop hyperphagia and obesity with a time-course and severity comparable to MC4-R knockout mice, whereas daily administration of a stable alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone analogue reversed this effect.
As the MC4R locus explains only 0.28% of the BMI and 0.14% of the WC phenotypic variance in the Scottish population, most of the genetic contribution to obesity remains to be identified.
In conclusion, this study confirmed and extended the previous findings, suggesting the MC4RV103I polymorphism is negatively associated with human obesity.
We further show that in the context of diet-induced obesityPPARγ-K107R-mutant mice have enhanced insulin sensitivity without the corresponding increase in adiposity that typically accompanies PPARγ activation by TZDs.
This modification of PPARgamma does not alter its adipogenic capacity, but leads to dysregulation of a large number of genes whose expression is altered in obesity, including a reduction in the expression of the insulin-sensitizing adipokine, adiponectin.
Melanocortin 4 receptor mutations in a large cohort of severely obese adults: prevalence, functional classification, genotype-phenotype relationship, and lack of association with binge eating.
This review highlights the roles that PPARgamma play in the regulation of gene expression associated with normal cell physiology as well as the pathophysiology of multiple diseases including obesity, diabetes and cancer.
The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) rs9939609 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 gene (PPARG2) rs1801282 polymorphisms are type 2 diabetes mellitus susceptibility gene variants associated with obesity.
In our study, we addressed the hypothesis that a G-->A substitution at codon 103 (Val-103Ile) of the MC4R gene influences abdominal obesity, insulin, glucose, and lipid metabolism as well as circulating hormones, including salivary cortisol.