<b>Conclusions:</b> We found a highly reliable FI network, which revealed <i>LIFR, PIK3R1</i>, and <i>MMP12</i> as novel prognostic biomarker candidates for GBC.
<b>Methods:</b> Activities of CTSL and CTSB were assayed in the gallbladder (GB) tissues obtained from GBC patients (<i>n</i> = 43) and control subjects (<i>n</i> = 69).
<b>Methods:</b> Activities of CTSL and CTSB were assayed in the gallbladder (GB) tissues obtained from GBC patients (<i>n</i> = 43) and control subjects (<i>n</i> = 69).
Gallbladder carcinoma expressed VEGF far more often than adenoma or cholecystitis (p = 0.001); VEGF-positive rates were lower in S1, S2, S3 than S4, S5 by Nevin staging of gallbladder cancer (p = 0.044).
Gallbladder carcinoma has two main morphologic developmental pathways: a dysplasia-carcinoma sequence and an adenoma-carcinoma sequence. beta-Catenin is a key regulator of the cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system, and altered expression and mutation of beta-catenin have been identified in many human malignancies.
Dpc4 inactivation and K-ras mutations occur in a significant minority of cases. pRB loss is uncommon in non-small cell gallbladder carcinoma, but virtually all small cell carcinomas inactivate the p16/pRB pathway, usually by retinoblastoma protein loss.
GPC3 expression was downregulated in gallbladder cancer in 12 of 13 cases and the average expression level was significantly lower than that in normal gallbladder tissues (P<0.05).
EGFR, pEGFR, and iNOS were immunohistochemically assessable for localization and level in the training set of 104 GBCAs on tissue microarrays, with 76 cases analyzed for EGFR gene by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) and mutant-enriched PCR targeting exons 19 and 21.
LAPTM4B allele *2 is a risk factor associated with poor prognosis in patients with resected GBC, and LAPTM4B status may be therefore be useful preoperatively as an adjunct in evaluation of the operability of GBC.
TGF-β1-mediated activation of the miR-20a/Smad7/β-catenin axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and worse prognosis of GBCs and may serve as a potential therapeutic target in the future.