The levels of active TGF-β2 in the AH of PPCD patients are significantly higher than control values, and thus the increased levels of TGF-β2 could be a consequence of the PPCD phenotype and can be considered as another feature characterizing this disease.
Increased expression of TGF-β2 in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) aqueous humor (AH) and trabecular meshwork (TM) causes deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the TM and elevated IOP.
While the underlying cause of POAG remains unclear, TGF-β2-dependent remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the trabecular meshwork (TM) microenvironment is considered an early pathologic consequence associated with impaired aqueous humor (AH) outflow and elevated IOP.
During bilateral sequential cataract surgery, the AH of the second eye had a higher level of TGF-β2 but not of proinflammatory cytokines or chemokines compared with those in the first eye, implying a protective mechanism preventing the sympathetic immune reaction induced by the first-eye cataract surgery.
Transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) is elevated in the AH and TM of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients and induces POAG-associated TM changes, including CLANs.
However, within the AACG group, although the TGFβ2 levels in AH did not differ significantly from the control level when all AACG patients were grouped together, there were differences when the AACG patients were divided into high and normal intraocular pressure (IOP); TGFβ2 of AACG patients with high IOP (> 21 mmHg) was significantly higher than those with normal IOP.
The levels of the cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, interferon [IFN]-γ, monocyte chemotactic protein [MCP]-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule [sICAM]-1) in the AqH were measured with multiplex beads immunoassay.
This system is applied to assess the angiogenic capacity of aqueous humor (AH) from patients with ocular disorders, and to test the effect of VEGF inhibitor (aflibercept) on induced angiogenesis.
In addition, higher percentages of CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD4+IL-17A+ T cells in the lymph nodes and spleens, as well as TNF, IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-6 levels in the aqueous humor, significantly increase in mice with rejected corneal grafts.
Using bead-based immunoassay analysis we were able to detect a significantly higher concentration of the B cell-activating and survival factors BAFF, APRIL, and IL-6 in the AqH of JIAU and AAU patients than in POAG patients.
Even though visual acuity response and anatomic effect are not always correlated in DME, we found that baseline elevated MCP-1AH levels and DRT pattern were biomarkers that predicted a future favorable anatomic response to DEX.
From anterior chamber of rabbit eye aqueous humor was collected to assess various oxidative stress parameters like malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, nitric oxide, and inflammatory parameters like TNF-<i>α</i> and IL-6.
One hundred nineteen patients for whom IL-10 and IL-6 in the AH and/or vitreous had been measured were included: 16 patients with a final diagnosis of VRL and 103 patients with final diagnosis of uveitis.
Relapsed DME cases (T3) showed significantly higher levels of IL-6 (<i>p</i> = .028), IL-8 (<i>p</i> = .005), IP-10 (<i>p</i> = .013) and MCP-1 (<i>p</i> = .005) compared to T2.<i>Conclusion</i>: IP-10 and MCP-1AH levels seem to be related to DEX intraocular action, decreasing after injection and increasing when DME relapses.
To determine concentrations of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related factors activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and glucose-regulated 78 kDa protein (GRP78) in vitreous and aqueous humor (AqH) of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and the correlation of ATF4, GRP78 and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).
To identify disease-specific cytokine profile differences in the aqueous humor (AH) (other than the vascular endothelial growth factor) between patients with dry and treated wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and healthy controls.
The levels of cytokines (interleukins [ILs]-1α, -1β, -4, -6, -8, -10, -12p70, -13, -17A, interferon [IFN]-α, IFN-γ, monocyte chemotactic protein [MCP]-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1]) in the AqH were measured using multiplex beads immunoassay.
We assayed aqueous humor (AH) samples from patients with Behçet's disease (BD), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease, and HLA-B27-associated uveitis and control patients for the proinflammatory cytokines IL-15, IL-17, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α and the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10.
The levels of IL-6, IL-17A, E-selectin, and P-selectin in AqH were significantly higher in eyes with ocular surface diseases compared to those with corneal scar (IL-6: 44.1 ± 15.0, P = .0077; IL-17A: 4.1 ± 0.7, P = .034; E-selectin: 2439 ± 302, P = .039; and P-selectin: 5673 ± 1553, P = .017).