For that, we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from X-linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease (X<sup>0</sup>CGD) patients with deficiency in NOX2, and AR22<sup>0</sup>CGD patients with deficiency in p22<sup>phox</sup> subunit which decreases NOX1, NOX2, NOX3 and NOX4 activities.
CGD is a genetically heterogeneous disease with an X-linked recessive (XR-CGD) form caused by mutations in the CYBB (OMIM #300481) gene encoding the gp91(phox) protein, and an autosomal recessive (AR-CGD) form caused by mutations in the CYBA (OMIM #608508), NCF1 (OMIM #608512), NCF2 (OMIM #608515) and NCF4 (OMIM #601488) genes encoding p22(phox), p47(phox), p67(phox) and p40(phox), respectively.
CGD is a genetically heterogeneous disease with an X-linked recessive (XR-CGD) form caused by mutations in the CYBB gene encoding the gp91(phox) protein, and an autosomal recessive (AR-CGD) form caused by mutations in the CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 genes encoding p22(phox) , p47(phox) , p67(phox) , and p40(phox) , respectively.
Meanwhile, ongoing research is constantly refining the CGD disease phenotype, including the definition of factors that may explain the unique engraftment phenotype observed in CGD gene therapy trials.
CGD was established by a dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) assay and genetic analysis revealed an unusual intra-exonic splice mutation in the CYBB gene encoding gp91-phox.
CGD phenotypes included both "classic" disease with no detectable gp91-phox protein (termed X91(0)) and "variant" phenotype with reduced but detectable gp91-phox protein (X91(-)).
Therefore, we reassessed the possible use of this cell type for prenatal diagnosis of CGD patients comparing normal and CGD peripheral blood neutrophils (PMN) and skin fibroblasts in their reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI)-producing capacity.
CGD is caused by defects in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, a multiprotein enzyme that reduces oxygen to superoxide, a precursor of microbicidal oxidants.
CGD is caused by mutations in any of 4 genes encoding components of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form; NADPH) oxidase, the multisubunit enzyme that produces the precursor of these oxidants, superoxide.
CGD is a primary immunodeficiency disease which results from the absence of the NADPH oxidase in the phagocytic cells, leading to recurrent pyogenic infection and granuloma and abscess formation.
CGD is a genetically heterogeneous disease with an X-linked recessive (XR-CGD) form caused by mutations in the CYBB (OMIM #300481) gene encoding the gp91(phox) protein, and an autosomal recessive (AR-CGD) form caused by mutations in the CYBA (OMIM #608508), NCF1 (OMIM #608512), NCF2 (OMIM #608515) and NCF4 (OMIM #601488) genes encoding p22(phox), p47(phox), p67(phox) and p40(phox), respectively.
CGD clinically presents with recurrent and life-threatening infections as well as granulomatous inflammatory responses. p47<sup>phox</sup> encoded by the NCF1 gene is the most common autosomal recessive form of CGD which is often clinically milder.
CGD PMN killed a limited number of catalase-positive S. aureus but the number of bacteria killed increased progressively as the initial test ratio was advanced.