<b>Purpose:</b> PD-1/PD-L1 pathway inhibition is effective against advanced renal cell carcinoma, although results are variable and may depend on host factors, including the tumor microenvironment.
Other checkpoint inhibitors, including the CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab in combination with several agents, and the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab, are in various stages of clinical development in patients with aRCC.
The current study was undertaken to investigate mechanisms underlying the failure of PD-1-targeted therapies in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) whose tumors express PD-L1.