Genome-wide association studies have associated the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs578776, rs16969968, rs6474412, rs3733829 and rs4105144 with nicotine dependence in Western European populations.
Strong evidence demonstrates that nicotine dependence is associated with 4 genetic variants rs16969968, rs6474412, rs3733829, and rs1329650 in large-scale Genome-Wide Association Studies.