Similar glandular features can also occur as a late complication in patients with other rheumatic disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and scleroderma ('secondary' Sjögren's syndrome).<sup>1</sup> Anti-Ro and/or anti-La (ENA) antibodies are found in approximately 70% of pSS patients, generally with ANA positivity.Hypergammaglobulinaemia is also common.
Exciting links between genetic phenotypes, certain immune responses, and related cutaneous findings in neonatal, complement-deficient, subacute cutaneous, and ANA-negative lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome have been found.